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Paschal Triduum

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Christ Washing the Feet of the Apostles by Meister des Hausbuches, 1475 (Gemäldegalerie, Berlin)
Paschal Triduum and other named days and day ranges around Lent and Easter in Western Christianity, with the fasting days of Lent numbered
Liturgical seasons

The Paschal Triduum or Easter Triduum (Latin: Triduum Paschale),[1] Holy Triduum (Latin: Triduum Sacrum), or the Three Days,[2] is the period of three days that begins with the liturgy on the evening of Maundy Thursday,[3] reaches its high point in the Easter Vigil, and closes with evening prayer on Easter Sunday.[4] It is a moveable observance recalling the Passion, Crucifixion, Death, burial, and Resurrection of Jesus, as portrayed in the canonical Gospels.[5]

In the Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian and Reformed traditions, the Paschal Triduum straddles the two liturgical seasons of Lent and Easter in the Church calendar (Holy Saturday is the last day of Lent, with the Easter Vigil being the first liturgy of Eastertide). In the Roman Catholic tradition since the 1955 reform by Pope Pius XII, the Easter Triduum has been more clearly distinguished as a separate liturgical period.

Previously, all these celebrations were advanced by more than twelve hours. The Mass of the Lord's Supper and the Easter Vigil were celebrated on the morning of Thursday and Saturday respectively, and Holy Week and Lent were seen as ending only on the approach of Easter. In the Roman Rite, after the Gloria in excelsis Deo in the Mass of the Lord's Supper, all church bells are silenced (sometimes replaced by a crotalus) and the organ is not used. This period that lasted from Thursday morning to before Easter Sunday began what was once referred to in Anglo-Saxon times as "the still days".[6] Weddings in the Catholic Church were once prohibited throughout Lent and certain other times of the year as well,[7] and are still forbidden during the Triduum. Lutherans still discourage weddings during the entirety of Holy Week, inclusive of the Easter Triduum.

Maundy Thursday (also called Holy Thursday)

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Main article: Maundy Thursday
Dates for the Paschal Triduum, 2020–2028
Year Western Eastern
2020 April 9 – April 11 April 16 – April 18
2021 April 1 – April 3 April 29 – May 1
2022 April 14 – April 16 April 21 – April 23
2023 April 6 – April 8 April 13 – April 15
2024 March 28 – March 30 May 2 – May 4
2025 April 17 – April 19 April 17 – April 19
2026 April 2 – April 4 April 9 – April 11
2027 March 25 – March 27 April 29 – May 1
2028 April 13 – April 15 April 13 – April 15

In some Protestant denominations, the Triduum begins with an evening worship service on Maundy Thursday.[8]

In the Catholic Church and in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, in the Mass of the Lord's Supper, during the Gloria in Excelsis Deo, all church bells may be rung and the organ played; afterwards, bells and organ are silenced until the Gloria of the Easter Vigil.[3] After the homily or sermon of the Mass, "where a pastoral reason suggests it", a ritual washing of the feet follows.[3][9] The Mass concludes with a procession of the Blessed Sacrament to the altar of repose.[3] This is usually followed by the stripping of the altars. Eucharistic adoration is encouraged after this, but if continued after midnight should be done without outward solemnity.[3]

In the form of the Roman Rite in use before 1965, Mass was celebrated in the morning. Some faithful travelled to several churches to pray at each one's Altar of Repose, a practice called Seven Churches Visitation, which may also be done on Good Friday. The Mass included no washing of the feet, which could instead be done in a separate ceremony later in the day. The Mass itself concluded with a ritual stripping of all altars except the altar of repose, leaving only the cross and candlesticks. In the present form as revised in 1955, the altar is stripped bare without ceremony at some time after the evening Mass.

The liturgical colour for the Mass vestments and other ornaments is white in the Catholic and Anglican Churches.[10] In the Lutheran Church, the liturgical colour for Maundy Thursday is white.[11] In the Reformed tradition, white or gold may be used.[12] In the United Methodist Church, black is used as the liturgical colour.

Good Friday

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Main article: Good Friday
Ecce Homo by Antonio Ciseri (19th century).

On Good Friday, Christians recall the passion and crucifixion of Jesus.

In the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglo-Catholic rites, a cross or crucifix (not necessarily the one that stands on or near the altar on other days of the year) is ceremonially unveiled.[13] (In pre-1955 services, other crucifixes were to be unveiled, without ceremony, after the Good Friday service.) In the Catholic ritual, clergy traditionally begin the service prostrate in front of the altar.[14] Mass is not celebrated on Good Friday and the communion distributed at the Celebration of the Lord's Passion is consecrated on Holy Thursday, hence the pre-1955 name "Mass of the Presanctified". In Anglican churches, there is no prayer of consecration on Good Friday, and the Reserved Sacrament is distributed at services on that day.

Also in Catholicism, images of saints may, in accordance with local custom, be veiled throughout the last two weeks of Lent. Votive lights before these images are not lit. Crucifixes that are movable are hidden, while those that are not movable are veiled until after the Good Friday service.[15] Catholic faithful typically venerate the crucifix by kissing the feet of the corpus. Veneration of a simple wooden cross is common in Anglican worship, with the faithful touching or kissing it.

Colors of vestments (and hangings, if kept) vary: no colour, red, or black are used in different traditions. The Catholic Church uses red vestments, symbolic of the blood of Jesus Christ, but in the pre-1970 form of the Roman Missal the priest wears black, changing to violet for the communion part of the service. In Anglican services, black vestments are sometimes used. In the United Methodist Church, black is the liturgical colour used on Good Friday.[16] In the Lutheran churches, there is no liturgical color on Good Friday. Altars remain stripped and clergy wear no vestments on this day.

Moravians hold a Lovefeast on Good Friday as they receive Holy Communion on Maundy Thursday. Communicants of the Moravian Church practice the Good Friday tradition of cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries.[17]

Holy Saturday

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Main article: Holy Saturday
Jesus Resurrected by Piero della Francesca (15th century).

Also called Black Saturday,[citation needed] is a vigil service that is held after nightfall on Holy Saturday, or before dawn on Easter Sunday, in commemoration Jesus' death, sabbath rest, and harrowing of Hell. Many of the details that follow hold for Anglican and Evangelical Lutheran churches as well as Catholic worship. The ceremony of darkness and light is held at the beginning of the Easter Vigil Mass. The paschal candle, whose lighting symbolizes the resurrection of Christ from the dead,[18] is lit from the new Easter fire. The solemn procession to the altar with the Paschal candle is formed. Once everyone has processed in, the Exsultet is intoned.

After the Exsultet, everyone is seated and listens to seven readings from the Old Testament and seven psalms and canticles.[19] At least three of these readings and associated psalms and canticles must be read, which must include the account of the deliverance of the Israelites at the Red Sea from the Book of Exodus, a central event of the first Passover.[19] Pastoral conditions are taken into account when deciding on the number of readings.[20][21][22] These readings account salvation history, beginning with Creation. In Anglican worship, there are nine possible readings from the Old Testament, and a minimum of two must be read, which must include the account of Israel's deliverance at the Red Sea.

In Catholic practice, during the Gloria at the Mass, the organ and church bells are used in the liturgy for the first time in two days.[23] If the lights of the Church have been previously left off, they are turned on as the Gloria begins. The Paschal candle is used to bless the baptismal font to be used in the celebration of the sacrament. The Great Alleluia is sung before the Gospel is read, Alleluia being used for the first time since before Lent. People receiving full initiation in the Church, who have completed their training, are given the Sacraments of Christian initiation (Baptism, Confirmation, and the Holy Eucharist). In Catholic and Anglican tradition, the Easter Vigil is an especially appropriate day for Holy Baptism.

In current practice, the use of lighting to signify the emergence from sin and the resurrection of Jesus varies, from the use of candles held by parishioners as well as candelabra lit throughout the church. If statues and images have been veiled during the last two weeks of Lent, they are unveiled, without ceremony, before the Easter Vigil service begins.[15] (In the 1962 Catholic missal and earlier missals, they are unveiled during the "Gloria in Excelsis" of the Easter Vigil Mass.)

Color of vestments and hangings: white, often together with gold, with yellow and white flowers often in use in many parishes.

Easter Masses are held throughout the day and are similar in content to the Easter Vigil Mass.

Easter time

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Main article: Eastertide

The date of Easter varies from year to year. It occurs on the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after 21 March, a date taken, in accordance with an ancient ecclesiastical tradition, to be that of the spring equinox, but which does not always correspond to the astronomical equinox. The Julian Calendar is taken as the basis of the calculations by nearly all Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches and is accepted even by Latin Church Catholics in countries such as Ethiopia and Greece.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Julian Calendar's 21 March corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar, the calendar used for civil purposes in most countries. The earliest possible date for Easter is 22 March, and the latest 25 April. These dates in the Julian Calendar now correspond to the Gregorian Calendar's 4 April and 8 May.

During the Easter octave (and also during Holy Week) no other feast is celebrated. If Easter is very early, the solemnity of the Annunciation (25 March) may fall within the octave or Holy Week and is then transferred to the Monday after the octave.[24]

The Sundays of Advent, Lent, and Easter have precedence over all feasts and solemnities, solemnities being then transferred to the following Monday, unless they occur on Palm Sunday or on Sunday of the Lord's Resurrection.[25] "The Solemnity of Saint Joseph, where it is observed as a Holy day of Obligation, should it fall on Palm Sunday of the Lord's Passion, is anticipated on the preceding Saturday, 18 March. Where, on the other hand, it is not observed as a Holy day of Obligation, it may be transferred by the Conference of Bishops to another day outside Lent."[26]

The solemnity of the Ascension is on the fortieth day of Easter, which is always a Thursday, although it may be observed on the following Sunday. Pentecost (or Whitsun) is the fiftieth day.

The Easter season extends from the Easter Vigil through Pentecost Sunday on the Roman Catholic, Anglo-Catholic and Protestant calendars. In the pre-1970 Roman Catholic calendar the octave of Pentecost is included in Eastertide, which thus ends at None of the following Ember Saturday.

During the 50-day Easter period, vestments are generally white or gold, but red when celebrating apostles and martyrs and on the solemnity of Pentecost. In the pre-1970 Roman Catholic calendar, with its 56-day Eastertide, red was used during the octave of Pentecost.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ For the etymology of the term Paschal see Names of Easter.
  2. ^ "The Three Days: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the Vigil of Easter". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Catholic Liturgy, Holy Thursday Evening Mass of the Lord's Supper". Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  4. ^ "General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar, 19". Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
  5. ^ Laughlin, Corrina (October 2018). Glory in the Cross: A Journey through the Paschal Triduum. Liturgy Training Publications. ISBN 9781616714925. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  6. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Holy Week" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  7. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Banns of Marriage" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  8. ^ Rev. Thomas L. Weitzel. "The Triduum: Maundy Thursday with Foot-washing". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 1 April 2012. The Maundy Thursday service is one of endings and beginnings. What was begun on Ash Wednesday is brought to a close here today. What begins today does not end until the resurrection of Easter. It is the ancient Triduum, "The Three Sacred Days," which lead us to Easter: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday.
  9. ^ Roman Missal, "Thursday of the Lord's Supper", 10
  10. ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 346
  11. ^ "What is the meaning and use of liturgical colors?". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012. Maundy Thursday: For this fourth day of Holy Week, celebrated as the institution of the Lord's Supper, scarlet or white is used.
  12. ^ "Liturgical Colors and the seasons of the church year". United Church of Christ. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2012. On Maundy Thursday, White or Gold symbolizes the church's rejoicing in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. But at the end of the Maundy Thursday celebration, the mood changes abruptly: all decorations are removed and the Holy Table is stripped bare. The church becomes as empty as a tomb. On Good Friday, either Black or Red is customary—although the use of no color at all is also appropriate.
  13. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Good Friday" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  14. ^ "The Roman Missal and the Celebration of the Lord's Passion on Good Friday". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  15. ^ a b Covering of Crosses and Images in Lent
  16. ^ Christian Advocate, Volume 5. The United Methodist Church. 1961. Retrieved 1 April 2012. The liturgical color for the Lenten season is violet or purple, except for Good Friday when black is used.
  17. ^ "PHOTOS: Cleaning Moravian gravestones, a Good Friday tradition". Winston-Salem Journal. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  18. ^ How do we use a paschal candle
  19. ^ a b "Holy SaturdayAt the Easter Vigil in the Holy Night of Easter | USCCB". bible.usccb.org. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  20. ^ Catholic Culture accessed 12 August 2010
  21. ^ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops[usurped]. Accessed 12 August 2010
  22. ^ Catholic Liturgy, Easter Sunday of the Lord's Resurrection, The Easter Vigil Archived 27 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 12 August 2010
  23. ^ Catholic City Tenbrae Retrieved on 5 April 2007
  24. ^ Universal Norms on the Calendar, 60. This is an exception to the normal rule that impeded solemnities are transferred to the closest day not ranked as feast or higher.
  25. ^ Universal Norms on the Calendar, 5
  26. ^ Universal Norms on the Calendar, 56
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